Football at the ‘End of the Line’: Economic Decline,Cross-Subsidies and Football League Membership in the NW Steel District of England     

Anthony John Arnold 《Sport in History》2016,36(1):47-72

Sporting leagues are generally based on collectivist principles, as the members need one another to produce their product. For much of its existence, the Football League has functioned as a cartel, operating income-sharing arrangements and controlling its membership. In the period from 1959 to 1986, a limited number of clubs left the League through the re-election process, in modest recognition of geographical logic, as clubs from growth areas to the south typically replaced clubs from more traditional economic areas that were often over-represented in the Football League. Clubs are widely seen to be utility-maximisers seeking success. Success in a sporting league is defined in a precise and relativist way and this article focuses on two of the least successful clubs to have played in the Football League, Barrow AFC and Workington FC, whose failure to obtain repeated re-election in the 1970s removed the only Football League clubs in a distinct economic zone, the north-west coastal steel district. This article examines the re-election mechanism and the particular economic factors that affected these two clubs, ranging from the decline of their main local industry to changes in the levels of and responsibilities attaching to rising cross-subsidy payments in the Football League.  相似文献   

Chain-loaded variable resistance warm-up improves free-weight maximal back squat performance     

Minas A. Mina  Anthony J. Blazevich  Giannis Giakas  Laurent B. Seitz  Anthony D. Kay 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(8):932-939

The acute influence of chain-loaded variable resistance exercise on subsequent free-weight one-repetition maximum (1-RM) back squat performance was examined in 16 recreationally active men. The participants performed either a free-weight resistance (FWR) or chain-loaded resistance (CLR) back squat warm-up at 85% 1-RM on two separate occasions. After a 5-min rest, the participants attempted a free-weight 1-RM back squat; if successful, subsequent 5% load additions were made until participants failed to complete the lift. During the 1-RM trials, 3D knee joint kinematics and knee extensor and flexor electromyograms (EMG) were recorded simultaneously. Significantly greater 1-RM (6.2?±?5.0%; p?p?p?>?.05) was found in concentric EMG, eccentric or concentric knee angular velocity, or peak knee flexion angle. Performing a CLR warm-up enhanced subsequent free-weight 1-RM performance without changes in knee flexion angle or eccentric and concentric knee angular velocities; thus a real 1-RM increase was achieved as the mechanics of the lift were not altered. These results are indicative of a potentiating effect of CLR in a warm-up, which may benefit athletes in tasks where high-level strength is required.  相似文献   

Sports coach as transformative leader: arresting school disengagement through community sport-based initiatives     

Haydn J. Morgan  Anthony J. Bush 《Sport, Education and Society》2016,21(5):759-777

Reducing social exclusion through interventions designed to sustain school engagement is a key aim of the education and social policy of any government. This paper is a response to the call for there to be more focused empirical sports coaching research through examining the transformative potential of community-based sports coaches to support schools in arresting school disengagement. By embracing an understanding that challenges the definitional core of sports coaching as simply improving the sporting performance of an individual or team, and, drawing theoretically on the work of Carlisle et al. and Shields, the role of ‘coach as transformative leader’ is articulated. Analysis of data collected by means of semi-structured interviews with a group of community-based sports coaches (n = 8) revealed three factors salient to our understanding of re-engaging young people with formal education through sport. These were the impact of the community sport programme; the relationship between schools and community sports groups; and the implementation of transformative leadership qualities by sport coaching practitioners. Importantly, this paper explicates the pivotal function that coaching practice which embraces transformative leadership principles can have on reorienting young people from disadvantaged backgrounds towards more optimistic futures and educational objectives.  相似文献   

Evaluating prospective elementary teachers' understanding of science and mathematics in a model preservice program     

Teresa M. McDevitt  Rod Troyer  Anthony L. Ambrosio  Henry W. Heikkinen  Erica Warren 《科学教学研究杂志》1995,32(7):749-775

Two cohorts of students preparing to become elementary teachers participated in a model program in science and mathematics. These students were compared to other students taking similar courses on their conceptual understandings of science and mathematics, their investigative proficiencies, and their beliefs about effective methods of teaching these subjects. Instruments included newly developed tests of understanding, existing standardized achievement tests, and instruments devised for the evaluation to elicit conceptions of appropriate ways to teach science and mathematics to elementary children. Results from individual courses indicated that students participating in the model program developed more thorough understandings and more reform-minded beliefs related to teaching science and mathematics. Issues associated with the assessment and evaluation of innovative programs in science and mathematics are discussed, and recommendations for teacher preparation are offered.  相似文献   

Computer technology-cognitive psychology interface and science performance assessment     

David D. Kumar  Stanley L. Helgeson  Arthur L. White 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1994,42(4):6-16

The emerging interface between computer technology and cognitive psychology for performance assessment in science education is explored. Cognitive theories of learning offer promises to transform computer technology from a test administration tool into a process assessment tool, and computer technology offers a medium for studying the cognitive processes of learning. Interface theories and interface technologies are briefly discussed. The technology-psychology interface may be a base for building an alternative assessment technology. Some prototype projects in this line of inquiry are presented. As in any other novel approaches to testing, there are several questions that need to be answered in establishing the role of the technology-psychology interface in performance assessment.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Michael Molenda  Peter B. White  Peter Gorny  Kees Epskamp  Richard Fothergill  Donald P. Ely 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1986,32(3):355-369

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Simple delayed discrimination of tastes in the rat     

Deborah A. Olin  Anthony L. Riley 《Learning & behavior》1986,14(4):405-410

Although taste memory has been extensively studied within the context of long-delay taste aversion learning, little attention has been devoted to taste memory within more traditional memory designs, for example, simple delayed discriminations. This was examined in the present experiment. Specifically, following taste discrimination training during which responding was reinforced following exposure to only one of two tastes, delays were imposed between sampling of the initial taste and the opportunity to respond. On the average, subjects were able to perform the simple delayed taste discrimination with an accuracy of 80% or better at a delay of 45 sec. Discrimination performance returned to chance at an average delay of 58 sec. Taste memory within the simple delayed discrimination paradigm is discussed and compared with other assessments of short-term memory in the rat and other species.  相似文献   

From “Admissions” to “Recruitment”: The Professionalisation of Higher Education Admissions     

McClaran  Anthony 《Tertiary Education and Management》2003,9(2):159-167

This paper deals with the strategicpressures which are reinforcing andaccelerating the professionalisation of thepolicies and procedures for the admission ofundergraduate students to higher education (HE)in the UK. It reviews the assumptions andpractices which have, until fairly recently,dominated the ways in which students areadmitted and then surveys new models which areemerging as higher education institutions(HEIs) seek to respond to the demands of a massHE system and pressures for greater socialinclusiveness in the student body. Thesemodels in turn create new needs, both human andtechnical, which the HE system has begun toaddress.  相似文献   

Books in the Digital Age: The Transformation of Academic and Higher Education Publishing in Britain and the United States by John B. Thompson     

Anthony  Haynes 《British Journal of Educational Studies》2006,54(2):264-265

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An Analysis of the Use of Teleconferencing to Support a Rural Early Intervention Program     

Anthony J. Shaddock  Mervyn W. Batchler 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》1986,33(3):215-219

One of the difficulties encountered in providing early intervention programs in rural localities is ensuring ongoing educational support. In a recent project weekly case conferences between a multidisciplinary resource team and local parents, teachers and volunteers were conducted viateleconferencing. Analysis of these teleconferences indicates that, as expected, information‐giving was a major function of the multidisciplinary team; somewhat surprising, however, was the high frequency with which teachers, parents and volunteers offered information and suggestions about the children and their programs. The paper also identifies and discusses additional functions of teleconferences in an early intervention project.  相似文献